What is Object -Oriented Programming ? Full Explanation 👍 Complete Information 🔍

 

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects," which can contain data and code that manipulates the data. The primary goal of OOP is to increase the flexibility and maintainability of programs. Here are the core principles of OOP:

Core Concepts of OOP

1. Classes and Objects

   • Class: A blueprint for creating objects. It defines a datatype by bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions or procedures) that work on the data into one single unit.
   • Object: An instance of a class. When a class is defined, no memory is allocated until an object of that class is created.

2. Encapsulation

   • Encapsulation is the concept of bundling the data (variables) and the methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit, known as a class. It restricts direct access to some of an object's components, which can prevent the accidental modification of data.
   • Access modifiers (like private, protected, and public in many languages) control the visibility of class members.

3. Inheritance

   • Inheritance allows a new class (derived class or subclass) to inherit attributes and methods from an existing class (base class or superclass). This promotes code reusability and establishes a relationship between the base and derived classes.
   • Example: A Car class can inherit from a Vehicle class.

4. Polymorphism

   • Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass. It is usually implemented through method overriding and method overloading.
   • Method Overriding: A subclass can provide a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass.
   • Method Overloading: Multiple methods in the same scope having the same name but different parameters.

5. Abstraction

   • Abstraction is the concept of hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features of an object. It simplifies the complexity of the system by modeling classes appropriate to the problem.
   • Abstract classes and interfaces are used to achieve abstraction in OOP.

Example in Python

python
class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def speak(self):
        raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement abstract method")

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says Meow!"

dog = Dog("Buddy")
cat = Cat("Whiskers")

print(dog.speak())  # Output: Buddy says Woof!
print(cat.speak())  # Output: Whiskers says Meow!

In this example:

• Animal is the base class.
• Dog and Cat are derived classes that inherit from Animal.
• The speak method is overridden in the derived classes to provide specific implementations.

So this is Object -Oriented Programming, I hope so you have get it what is (OOP).